A Deeper Look to Lebanon’s Tourist Attractions

Lebanon’s tourism sector has historically played a vital role in the nation’s economy, serving as a significant source of income. The country is dotted with an array of historical sites, from ancient Stone Age dwellings and Phoenician urban centers to Roman edifices, monastic retreats carved into cliffs, medieval fortresses, Mamluk-era mosques, and Turkish baths, all bearing witness to millennia of global history. Lebanon’s rich cultural heritage has long attracted tourists, particularly after it captured the imagination of European intellectuals, poets, and orientalists like Alphonse de Lamartine, Ernest Renan, and Victor Guérin. Before the civil conflict, Lebanon enjoyed the reputation of being the “Switzerland of the Middle East,” with Beirut celebrated as the “Paris of the Middle East” for its prominence as a center of finance and commerce.

Today, there is a surge in private capital flowing into the tourism industry’s development and modernization, with a focus on hotel infrastructure that accommodates international visitors. The Casino du Liban, once a pivotal attraction, reopened its doors in 1996. Moreover, the nation’s largest ski facility has seen significant upgrades and enhancements. The tourism industry in Lebanon also benefits from the diaspora of Lebanese expatriates who make seasonal returns to their homeland, particularly during the summer months.

Table of Contents

A. Citadels and Forts

Mseilha Fort 

Perched north of Batroun in Lebanon, Mseilha Fort stands as a testament to medieval military architecture. Erected in the 17th century by Emir Fakhreddine II, the fortification was strategically designed to protect the vital passage from Tripoli to Beirut. The fort itself is anchored on a slender ridge of limestone, adjacent to the Nahr el-Jawz River. Its robust walls, ranging from 1.5 to 2 meters in thickness, are fashioned from sandstone harvested from the nearby shores and are perched on the limestone’s brink. Remnants of larger limestone blocks suggest the presence of an earlier defensive structure at the site. Access to the fort is via a slender path and staircase etched into the rock’s northern face, leading to a modest platform and the main entrance, which is fortified with loopholes and a ceiling aperture. The entrance opens to a vaulted antechamber and a compact, triangular courtyard, which in turn leads to a slender corridor directing to the west tower’s archery room. The fort’s higher sections are reachable through the eastern side of the courtyard, where a series of vaulted chambers precedes the eastern tower.

Citadel of Raymond de Saint-Gilles

The Citadel of Raymond de Saint-Gilles, also known as Qala’at Sanjil, is a historic stronghold in Tripoli, Lebanon. Named after Raymond de Saint-Gilles, the Count of Toulouse and a Crusader leader, the citadel began its rise in 1103 atop a hill outside Tripoli for a siege. Raymond later expanded the structure, dubbing it Mont Peregrinus. Despite being razed in 1289, the castle saw multiple reconstructions, notably in 1307-08 by Emir Essendemir Kurgi and later restorations by the Ottomans, including a grand gateway inscribed by Süleyman the Magnificent. The 19th century saw further refurbishments under the Ottoman Governor Mustafa Agha Barbar.

Sidon Sea Castle

Sidon Sea Castle is a coastal fortress and a landmark of Sidon, erected by the Crusaders in the 13th century on a petite island linked to the mainland by a slender causeway. The site was once home to a Phoenician temple dedicated to Melkart. Despite suffering damage and destruction over the centuries, including Mamluk renovations and a 17th-century restoration by Emir Fakhreddine II, the castle has endured. Today, it features two main towers joined by a wall, with Roman columns integrated into the outer walls for structural support. The west tower houses a spacious vaulted chamber adorned with historical artifacts, leading to a rooftop where a small Ottoman mosque stands, offering panoramic views of the ancient city and harbor. The east tower, less intact, showcases layers of history with its Crusader foundations and Mamluk additions. Surrounding the castle, submerged remnants of the ancient Phoenician city hint at a rich, submerged heritage.

Moussa Castle

Moussa Castle is a unique fortress located between Deir el Qamar and Beit ed-Dine in Lebanon, the lifelong project of Moussa Abdel Karim Al-Maamari, born on July 27, 1931. A testament to his dedication, Moussa spent 60 years (21,900 days and 394,200 hours) bringing his vision to life. From his school days, Moussa dreamed of constructing a castle, sketching his aspirations during class. Despite his academic struggles and discouragement from his teacher Anwar, who doubted his potential, and inspired by his childhood crush’s desire to marry someone with a palace, Moussa set out to realize his dream. Between 1951 and 1962, he laid the groundwork, acquiring land and completing necessary formalities. In 1962, he embarked on his monumental task, meticulously crafting each stone and clay figure to depict scenes from 19th-century Lebanese village life, culminating in a masterpiece that embodies the spirit of a true visionary.

Byblos Castle

Byblos Castle, nestled in the coastal town of Byblos, Lebanon, stands as a medieval citadel with roots tracing back to a Phoenician fortress. Perched atop a white limestone cliff by the Mediterranean Sea, the castle was constructed by the Crusaders in the 12th century, utilizing local limestone and remnants of Roman edifices. Encircled by a moat, the castle witnessed the ebb and flow of history, including its capture by Saladin in 1188 and subsequent dismantling in 1190. The Crusaders later reclaimed and fortified it in 1197. In 1369, it withstood an assault from Cypriot ships. Byblos Castle is flanked by significant historical structures, including Egyptian temples, the Phoenician Royal Necropolis, and a Roman amphitheater, all bearing witness to Byblos’s storied past.

Beaufort Castle

Beaufort Castle, a historical Crusader stronghold, is situated in the Nabatieh Governorate of Southern Lebanon, roughly one kilometer southeast of Arnoun village. The site was already fortified when Fulk, King of Jerusalem, seized it in 1139, with the Crusaders likely initiating construction shortly thereafter. Saladin took control of the castle in 1190, but it reverted to Crusader hands 60 years later. Sultan Baibars then captured it in 1268. The Crusaders, enchanted by its majesty, named it “bel fort” or “beau fort,” translating to “beautiful fortress.” In Arabic, it is known as Qala’at al-Shaqif, which means “Castle of the High Rock,” with “shqif” deriving from Aramaic for “high rock.” Beaufort is notable for its relevance in both medieval and modern military history.

In the 17th century, Fakhr-al-Din II incorporated it into his defensive network, only to be overthrown by the Ottomans who subsequently demolished the upper sections of the castle. Feudal families governed the area until 1769, after which the Governor of Acre besieged and dismantled much of the castle’s fortifications in 1782. The Galilee earthquake in 1837 inflicted additional damage, leading to the castle’s ruins being repurposed as a quarry and refuge for livestock. The castle’s commanding position on a 300-meter cliff offers a strategic vantage point over the Litani River, which meanders past its eastern boundary.

B. Old Towns

Tripoli

Tripoli, the second largest city in Lebanon and the capital of the North Governorate, boasts a rich historical tapestry dating back to the 14th century BCE. Originating from a Phoenician confederation, Tripoli earned its name, meaning “Triple City” in Greek, due to its strategic alliance with Tyre, Sidon, and Arados. Serving as the capital of the County of Tripoli during the Crusades, the city thrived as a hub of Mamluk architecture, rivaling Cairo in significance. Situated as a pivotal trading port linking Europe with Aleppo and Damascus, Tripoli’s old town is a treasure trove of cultural heritage. Its iconic landmarks such as the Citadel of Raymond de Saint-Gilles, Taynal Mosque, and Mansouri Great Mosque, nestled within the labyrinthine Souks of Tripoli, stand testament to its storied past. Adorned with intricate Arabesque motifs, ornate doorways, and majestic domes, the cityscape is a testament to its architectural prowess.

Batroun

Batroun, a coastal gem in Lebanon’s Batroun District, bears the imprint of its Phoenician origins. Its name, believed to derive from the Phoenician term “bater” meaning “to cut,” possibly alludes to the maritime wall built by the Phoenicians for protection against tsunamis. Alternatively, it may stem from “beit truna,” translating to “house of the chief.” Founded by Ithobaal I of Tyre, Batroun flourished under Roman rule before being ravaged by the 551 Beirut earthquake, which reshaped its landscape, creating the expansive natural harbor. Throughout its history, Batroun has evolved into a cultural nexus, boasting medieval marvels like the Crusader citadel of Mousaylaha. Under Ottoman rule, it thrived as a regional center, housing a Maronite diocese and, since 1999, serving as the seat of the Maronite eparchy. Today, Batroun’s quaint old town, characterized by ancient stone churches and meandering alleyways, preserves its Phoenician heritage amid a modern backdrop.

Deir el Qamar

Deir el Qamar, nestled in south-central Lebanon just five kilometers from Beiteddine, epitomizes rustic charm with its stone houses topped by vibrant red-tiled roofs. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, it served as the seat of power for Lebanon’s governors, boasting architectural gems like the 15th-century Fakhredine Mosque and the Fakhreddine II Palace, alongside other palatial and administrative edifices. Despite the closure of the 17th-century Deir el Qamar Synagogue to the public, the village thrived as the epicenter of Lebanese literary culture during its zenith.

Pioneering municipal governance in 1864, Deir el Qamar nurtured a host of luminaries across artistic, literary, and political spheres, solidifying its status as a cradle of talent. Serving as the capital of the Druze Cancimat of Lebanon from 1840 to 1860, it witnessed a convergence of cultural and religious influences. Among its most revered landmarks is Our Lady of the Hill, also known as Saydet El Talle, a Maronite church dating back to the 15th century. Legend has it that the church’s origins trace to a Druze Emir’s vision, prompting the discovery of a cross-adorned rock, signifying a historical shift from a pagan temple to a Christian sanctuary.

Zahleh

Zahleh reigns as the vibrant capital and largest city of the Bekaa Governorate in eastern Lebanon. Aptly dubbed the “Bride of the Beqaa” and “the Neighbor of the Gorge,” Zahleh captivates with its scenic beauty and cultural allure. Renowned as the “City of Wine and Poetry,” it embraces a rich heritage reflected in its Greek Catholic inhabitants, known as Zahlawi. Perched amidst the foothills of Mount Lebanon, Zahleh’s skyline is punctuated by the imposing presence of Mount Sannine. Founded in the early 18th century, Zahleh’s storied past spans millennia, highlighted by a brief stint as an independent state in the 19th century. Despite enduring tribulations such as fires and conflicts, including the tumultuous events of 1860, Zahleh emerged resilient.

Flourishing as a pivotal hub along the Beirut-Damascus railway line in 1885, it blossomed into a bustling trade nexus and agricultural hub. The town’s architectural ensemble, characterized by white limestone facades crowned with red-tiled roofs, exudes timeless elegance. Ottoman-era structures, ancient churches, and revered sites like Our Lady of Bekaa shrine enrich Zahleh’s cultural tapestry. However, its crowning jewel remains a picturesque 300-meter promenade nestled along a tranquil river, adorned with alfresco dining establishments and verdant foliage, offering a serene respite for locals and visitors alike.

Sidon

Sidon, Lebanon’s third-largest city and the capital of the South Governorate, basks in its coastal allure, nestled along the Mediterranean Sea between Tyre and Beirut. With roots reaching back to ancient prehistory, Sidon stands as a testament to Lebanon’s rich heritage. As one of the paramount Phoenician cities, Sidon played a pivotal role in the foundation of a vast Mediterranean commercial empire, lauded for its artisans’ mastery in crafting glass and purple dyes, as well as its women’s expertise in embroidery. Enduring a tumultuous history of conquests, including invasions by Artaxerxes III and Alexander the Great, Sidon transitioned into the Hellenistic era, embracing relative autonomy under Alexander’s successors. The heart of Sidon beats within its Mamluk-era old city, a labyrinthine enclave ensconced between the Sea Castle and the St. Louis Castle. This medieval citadel, perched on a promontory jutting into the sea, resonates with a palpable sense of history, its narrow alleyways and arched pathways echoing tales of a bygone era.

Strolling through the old city, one encounters a tapestry of tradition, from bustling souvenir shops to age-old bakeries perfuming the air with the aroma of freshly baked “Kaak.” Alleys bear witness to the legacy of their inhabitants, christened with names like “Carpenters’ Alley” and “Tailors’ Alley.” Amidst the labyrinth, ancient mosques dating back to the Umayyad Era stand as silent sentinels, welcoming visitors to delve into Sidon’s storied past. A testament to its mercantile prowess, Sidon’s bustling port served as the nexus of trade between Damascus, Mount Lebanon, and distant lands. Caravanserais like the majestic “Khan El Franj” dot the landscape, while the imposing Sidon Sea Castle stands sentinel, guarding the harbor against the ebb and flow of time.

Tyre

Tyre, Lebanon boasts an ancient old town nestled beside the remnants of Roman grandeur, perched at the edge of a peninsula. Once an island, Tyre’s fate shifted when Alexander the Great engineered a causeway to conquer it amidst intense warfare during the Siege of Tyre. Among its treasures, Tyre showcases one of the world’s most impeccably preserved Roman Hippodromes. In its heyday, Tyre stood as a formidable Phoenician stronghold renowned for its production of Tyrian Purple. Its narrative is woven with tales of deities like Europa and Dido-Elissa, alongside other notable figures.

Rachaya

In the West Bekaa region lies Rachaya, a quaint old settlement nestled within Wadi el Taym. This charming town is celebrated for its Crusader castle, later repurposed as a prison that housed the nation’s founding figures during their fight for liberation. Adorned with traditional brick homes crowned by red-tiled roofs, Rachaya exudes an enchanting allure that speaks to its rich history and enduring spirit.

C. Museums

National Museum of Beirut 

The National Museum of Beirut stands as Lebanon’s premier archaeological institution. Its origins trace back to the aftermath of World War I, with its official inauguration taking place in 1942. Over the years, its collection has grown to encompass around 100,000 artifacts, predominantly consisting of ancient relics and medieval discoveries sourced from excavations managed by the Directorate General of Antiquities. Approximately 1,300 of these items are put on display, spanning from prehistoric epochs to the medieval Mamluk era.

Designed in the style of French-inspired Egyptian Revival architecture and constructed using Lebanese Ochre limestone, the museum’s layout includes a basement, ground floor, mezzanine, and terrace. The central section is topped with a glass roof, allowing natural light to filter through, particularly over the mezzanine area. The museum complex covers roughly 5,500 square meters, with exhibition space totaling 6,000 square meters. Adjacent annexes and administrative spaces occupy an additional 1,000 square meters.

The museum’s exhibits are organized in a chronological sequence, beginning with prehistoric artifacts and concluding with those from the Ottoman period. On the ground floor, visitors encounter 83 large-scale objects, such as sarcophagi, mosaics, statues, and reliefs. Moving to the upper floor, 1,243 smaller artifacts are presented, arranged both chronologically and thematically within modern display cases. Soft lighting and magnifying glasses accentuate the aesthetic qualities of these pieces.

Gibran Museum

The Gibran Museum, situated in Bsharri, Lebanon, a distance of 120 kilometers from Beirut, was formerly known as the Monastery of Mar Sarkis. It serves as a biographical tribute to Khalil Gibran, the esteemed Lebanese artist, writer, and philosopher. Established in 1935, this museum preserves 440 original paintings and drawings by Gibran, along with his tomb. Additionally, it showcases his furniture and possessions from his studio in New York City, as well as his personal manuscripts. The acquisition of the building, which now houses both the museum and Gibran’s tomb, was initiated by his sister in 1931, following Gibran’s wishes. This structure holds deep spiritual significance, originally serving as a monastery dating back to the 7th century, known as the Mar Sarkis (Saint Serge) hermitage. In 1975, the Gibran National Committee undertook restoration efforts, expanding the monastery to accommodate more exhibits. Subsequently, in 1995, further expansions were carried out, enriching the museum’s offerings and enhancing its capacity to showcase Gibran’s legacy.

Archaeological Museum of the American University of Beirut

The Archaeological Museum of the American University of Beirut holds the distinction of being the third oldest museum in the Near East, following those in Cairo and Istanbul. Its exhibits span the breadth of Levantine artifacts, encompassing periods from the Early Stone Age to the Islamic era. Originating in 1868, the museum’s genesis can be traced back to Luigi Palma di Cesnola’s generous gift of a collection of Cypriot pottery to the newly established American University of Beirut. Over the years, between 1902 and 1938, the museum significantly expanded its holdings with acquisitions from across the Middle East.

While World War II necessitated a closure, the museum resumed operations in 1948. Substantial growth followed in the 1950s, culminating in a doubling of its floor space through a refurbishment spearheaded by curator Dimitri Baramki. This expansion, unveiled to the public in 1964, allowed for enhanced displays organized by chronology and thematic focus. Noteworthy among these exhibits is The Cesnola Collection, showcasing pottery ranging from the Bronze Age to the Roman era, alongside the Pre-Historic collection, which includes artifacts from the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods. Additionally, the museum features the Ksar Akil collection, a donation from the University of Boston team that excavated the eponymous archaeological site in 1948. This display presents a stratigraphic sequence spanning 23 meters, illustrating thirty-seven layers through the flint tools associated with various cultures.

Sursock Museum

The Sursock Museum, nestled in Beirut’s Achrafieh district, stands as a bastion of modern art. Originally the villa of Nicolas Sursock, it was bequeathed to the city of Beirut upon his demise in 1961. The museum occupies an 18th-century mansion characterized by strong Venetian and Ottoman architectural influences, situated on Rue Sursock east of the Beirut Central District. Its diverse collection, totaling 5,000 pieces, encompasses paintings, sculptures, ceramics, glassware, and iconography dating from the 18th to the 20th centuries. Among the esteemed artists represented in the museum’s permanent collection are Chafic Abboud, Rafic Charaf, Omar Onsi, and Aref Rayess, among others. Presently, the museum is undergoing an ambitious expansion project aimed at nearly quadrupling its surface area from 2,000 to 7,000 square meters. This expansion will incorporate additional exhibition rooms, a library, a bookshop, and a music room, further enriching its offerings and enhancing its cultural significance.

Robert Mouawad Private Museum

The Robert Mouawad Private Museum, nestled within Beirut’s Zokak el-Blat quarter, presents a captivating blend of history and culture within the walls of a former private residence. Originally constructed in the neo-gothic style in 1911 by Lebanese politician and art enthusiast Henri Philippe Pharaoun, the palace underwent a transformation into a museum by Lebanese businessman Robert Mouawad. Its official inauguration on May 11, 2006, marked the beginning of a journey through a trove of treasures.

This museum serves as a testament to Pharaoun’s appreciation for both Oriental and Occidental artistic traditions. Its halls are adorned with a remarkable array of artifacts, including a rare collection of books, Chinese porcelain, ceramics, and other significant objects. The architectural splendor of the palace itself reflects Pharaoun’s fascination with Islamic art, evident in the intricate decorative wooden panels dating back to the 19th century, inspired by his extensive travels to Syria.

Visitors to the museum are treated to a visual feast encompassing Byzantine mosaics, Roman marble sculptures, ancient pottery, historical columns, unique carpets, intricate jewelry pieces, precious stones, Melkite Catholic icons, and meticulously preserved manuscripts. Each item tells a story, offering glimpses into the rich tapestry of history and culture woven throughout the ages.

Museum of Lebanese Prehistory

The Museum of Lebanese Prehistory stands as a pioneering institution, being the first museum dedicated to prehistory in the Arabic Middle East. Established in June 2000 to commemorate the 125th anniversary of Saint Joseph University of Beirut, its inception stemmed from the tireless efforts of Jesuit scholars who spearheaded prehistoric research in the region until the 1950s.

Originally amassed within the halls of the “Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines” of Saint Joseph University, the museum’s collection boasts an extraordinary array of animal and human bones, Neolithic pottery, stone tools, and other ancient artifacts unearthed from over four hundred archaeological sites since the 19th century. Previously accessible only to specialists, the museum’s decision to open its doors to the public has allowed for a deeper exploration of Lebanon’s prehistoric past, inviting visitors to uncover the intricacies and mysteries of ancient civilizations.

Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral

The Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral museum offers a glimpse into the layers of Christian heritage embedded within the St. Georges Greek Orthodox Cathedral on Nejme Square. Housed within a crypt beneath the cathedral, this relatively small museum unveils the evolution of seven churches built on the same site over two millennia. Through a series of displays featuring oil lamps, clay pots, miniature statues, and crosses discovered through archaeological excavations, visitors are transported through time, traversing the cathedral’s storied history.

Glass panels provide a window into the past, revealing well-preserved skeletons, burial chambers, and remnants of an ancient paved road. A narrow metal walkway guides visitors through twelve stops, each offering insights into the cathedral’s rich heritage. These ruins and findings, meticulously unearthed by Lebanese archaeologists, shed light on the Byzantine church Anastasis, believed to have stood near Beirut’s renowned law school before succumbing to the ravages of the 551 Beirut earthquake.

MIM Museum

The MIM Museum stands as a hidden gem within Beirut, Lebanon, offering a mesmerizing journey through the world of minerals. Since its opening in 2013, this private museum has captivated visitors with its extensive collection, boasting over 2,000 minerals representing 450 different species sourced from 70 countries. Widely regarded as one of the most significant private collections of minerals globally, the museum offers a unique opportunity to explore the dazzling diversity of the Earth’s geological treasures.

In addition to its mineral displays, the MIM Museum also hosts an exhibition showcasing marine and flying fossils from Lebanon, adding another layer of fascination to its offerings. Through meticulous curation and presentation, visitors are immersed in a world of natural wonders, gaining insights into the beauty and complexity of our planet’s geological history.

Cilicia Museum

The Cilicia Museum presents a rich tapestry of cultural heritage, with a particular focus on liturgical garments adorned with exquisite silver and gold embroidery. Dating back to the seventeenth century, these garments offer a glimpse into the artistic traditions of the period, with some revealing connections to contemporary miniatures. The museum’s library further enriches the experience, housing vintage printed books, including rare texts such as the Bible of Barjrberd and the Mayr Maštoc‘, esteemed for their historical and cultural significance.

Among the museum’s treasures are six Armenian prayer scrolls, known as hmayils and/or pahpanaks, providing insights into religious practices and beliefs. Additionally, the museum boasts an extensive collection of coins and banknotes spanning various eras, offering a glimpse into the region’s economic history. Completing the ensemble are vibrant collections of carpets and tapestries dating from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries, each piece weaving a story of craftsmanship and tradition.

Other major museums:

• Ameen Rihani Museum
• M. Farroukh Museum
• Museum and Library of the Catholicosate of Cilicia
• Baalbek Museum
• Dahesh Museum of Art
• Lebanese Heritage Museum
• Expo Hakel Lebanon
• Robert Mouawad Private Museum Lebanon
• Byblos Fossil Museum
• Byblos Wax Museum
• Memory of Time Museum
• Sidon Soap Museum

D. Religious Tourism

Shrine of Our Lady of Lebanon

The town of Harissa, Lebanon, serves as the home to the revered Shrine of Our Lady of Lebanon, also known as Notre Dame du Liban, a testament to the deep devotion to the patron saint of Lebanon. Situated 20 kilometers north of Beirut, the village is easily accessible from the coastal city of Jounieh, either by road or by a scenic nine-minute journey aboard the “Téléférique” gondola lift. This pilgrimage site attracts both faithful pilgrims and curious tourists alike, drawn not only by its religious significance but also by the breathtaking views it offers of the picturesque bay of Jounieh.

At the heart of the pilgrimage site stands a monumental 15-ton bronze statue of the Virgin Mary, known as Our Lady of Lebanon or Notre Dame du Liban, her arms outstretched in a gesture of embrace. Crafted at the end of the 19th century and inaugurated in 1908, this iconic statue symbolizes hope, faith, and protection for the Lebanese people. Nestled within the statue’s base lies a humble chapel, offering a quiet sanctuary for prayer and reflection.

Adjacent to the statue, a strikingly modern Maronite cathedral, constructed of concrete and glass, serves as a beacon of faith and a place of worship for pilgrims. Comprising seven sections assembled atop a stone base, the cathedral stands as a testament to architectural innovation and spiritual devotion. Since its inauguration, Our Lady of Lebanon has remained a focal point of pilgrimage, drawing visitors from far and wide to its serene hilltop perch, 650 meters above sea level.

Our Lady of Mantara

Not far from Harissa, in Maghdouché, Lebanon, stands another sacred site, Our Lady of Mantara, also known as Our Lady of Awaiting. This holy Christian shrine is centered around a tower crowned with a statue of the Virgin and Child, overlooking a cathedral, cemetery, and a sacred cave believed to have sheltered the Virgin Mary as she awaited the birth of Jesus. Rediscovered and opened to the public, the cave has become a place of pilgrimage, drawing devout worshippers to seek solace and spiritual guidance.

Each year, on September 8, grand festivities commemorate the rediscovery of the sacred cave, a testament to the enduring faith of the faithful. Adjacent to the cave, a modern tower offers panoramic vistas of Sidon, the Mediterranean, and the lush landscapes of South Lebanon, providing pilgrims with a serene setting for prayer and contemplation.

Our Lady of Bekaa

Further afield, in the city of Zahlé in the Beqaa Valley, Our Lady of Bekaa stands as a testament to unwavering devotion and spiritual reverence. Conceived in 1958 by Bishop Euthym, a devout follower of the Virgin Mary, this Marian shrine atop Tel Chiha hill overlooks the city and valley below. At its pinnacle, a majestic ten-meter-high bronze statue of the Virgin Mary, crafted by Italian artist Pierroti, offers a symbol of divine grace and protection.

An elevator ascends the tower, carrying pilgrims and tourists to a viewing platform, offering panoramic vistas of Zahlé and the Beqaa Valley. Nestled within the tower’s base lies a tranquil chapel, providing a space for prayer and reflection amidst the beauty of the surrounding landscape. Our Lady of Bekaa stands as a beacon of hope and faith, drawing visitors to experience the transformative power of devotion and spirituality.

Mar Sarkis Monastery

Mar Sarkis Monastery, situated in the picturesque Zgharta District of Lebanon’s North Governorate, holds a commanding presence in the Qozhaya valley, a northern branch of the revered Qadisha valley. Perched at an altitude of 1500 meters, it earns the moniker “Watchful Eye of Qadisha” owing to its exceptional vantage point overlooking Ehden, Kfarsghab, Bane, and Hadath El Jebbeh.

This monastery, dedicated to Saints Sarkis and Bakhos (Saints Sergius and Bacchus), is steeped in history and spirituality. Its name, Ras Al Nahr, meaning “the top of the river,” reflects its proximity to the Mar Sarkis Source, a significant tributary of the Qlaynsieh River, which later joins the Qannoubine River to form the Abou Ali River near Tripoli.

Belonging to the Lebanese Antonin Maronite Order, founded in 1700 by Maronite Patriarch Gabriel Al Blouzani, the monastery’s roots trace back to the mid-8th century A.D. Built atop the ruins of a Canaanite temple dedicated to an agricultural deity, the original church of Saints Sarkis and Bakhos was erected, followed by another church dedicated to Our Lady in 1198 A.D. Over the centuries, the monastery saw expansion and renovation, notably under Patriarch Estephan El Douaihy in the 17th century.

Monastery of Saint Anthony of Qozhaya

The Monastery of Saint Anthony of Qozhaya, nestled within the Zgharta District, stands as a testament to spiritual heritage and cultural significance. Belonging to the Lebanese Maronite Order, dedicated to Saint Anthony the Great, this monastery holds a special place in the valley of Qadisha, alongside its sister monastery, Mar Sarkis.

Renowned as one of the oldest monastic establishments in the region, Qozhaya boasts a rich history dating back to the 12th century A.D. At its zenith in the 19th century, it housed over 300 monks and served as the seat of the Maronite Patriarch. Notably, in 1584, it became home to the first printing press in the Middle East, marking a pivotal moment in the region’s cultural landscape.

Today, Qozhaya continues to thrive under the stewardship of the Lebanese Maronite Order, upholding its legacy of spirituality and scholarship. With its vast properties and enduring contributions to the maintenance of sister monasteries, Qozhaya remains a beacon of faith and generosity in the valley of Qadisha.

Our Lady of Bzommar

Our Lady of Bzommar holds a special place of reverence within the Armenian Catholic Church, where worshipers pay homage at the Monastery of Bzommar. Situated amidst tranquil surroundings, this monastery serves as a spiritual sanctuary for believers, embodying a legacy of faith and devotion.

Emir Munzer Mosque

The Emir Munzer Mosque stands as a testament to Lebanon’s rich cultural tapestry. Constructed by Emir Munzer Al-Tannoukhi, this mosque, also known as Masjid Al-Naoufara, derives its name from the fountain gracing its courtyard. The mosque’s architectural features include two entrances: the original 17th-century arch portal from Souk Al-Bazarkhan and a second entrance adorned with three arches, added during the redevelopment of Emir Fakhreddine Street.

Emir Assaf Mosque

The Emir Assaf Mosque, nestled in downtown Beirut, serves as a symbol of historical continuity and religious significance. Inaugurated by Emir Mansur Assaf in 1597, this mosque occupies the former Serail Square, once home to Emir Fakhreddine’s palace. Its architectural grandeur and spiritual resonance continue to inspire reverence among worshippers and visitors alike.

Al Mansouri Great Mosque

In Tripoli, Lebanon, the Al Mansouri Great Mosque, also known as The Great Mosque of Tripoli, stands as a testament to the region’s rich Islamic heritage. Dating back to the Mamluk period, from 1294 to 1314, this mosque was constructed around the remains of a Crusader Church of St. Mary. Its majestic architecture and historical significance reflect the enduring legacy of faith and cultural exchange in Tripoli.

Al-Nabi Shayth

Finally, Al-Nabi Shayth mosque stands as a sacred site steeped in legend and reverence. Built upon the burial site of Seth, son of Adam, this mosque holds deep spiritual significance for believers. Its serene surroundings and sacred relics draw worshippers seeking solace and divine connection, embodying a timeless tradition of faith and devotion.

Shrine of Sayyida Khawla bint al-Hussain

The Shrine of Sayyida Khawla bint al-Hussain stands as a revered site of pilgrimage and devotion, tracing its origins back to the year 680 CE when it began as the tomb of Sayyida Khawla. Over the centuries, it evolved into a mosque, with the current structure reconstructed in 1656 CE. Within its sacred confines resides a remarkable symbol of antiquity: a tree believed to have been planted by Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin over 1,300 years ago. Renowned for its Islamic architecture and spiritual significance, particularly among Shi’a Muslims, it remains one of Lebanon’s most prominent Islamic shrines.

Mosque of Ibrahim al-Khalil

In the city of Baalbek, the Mosque of Ibrahim al-Khalil stands as a symbol of Lebanon’s Islamic history, dating back to its construction in 635 CE by Muslims upon their first entry into the region. This mosque bears witness to centuries of faith and devotion, serving as a place of worship and reflection for believers.

Anjar

Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984, Anjar stands as a testament to Lebanon’s rich historical tapestry, serving as a bustling commercial hub along Levantine trade routes. Despite being relatively young in archaeological terms, with a history spanning just 1,300 years, Anjar holds immense significance as one of the country’s newer archaeological marvels.

Founded by the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid ibn Abdel Malek in the early 8th century, Anjar derives its name from the Arabic “Ain Gerrah,” meaning “the source of Gerrah,” a reference to the Umayyad stronghold established during the same period. The cityscape of Anjar is a captivating blend of mosques, palaces, baths, storehouses, and residences, lining its broad avenues and alleys.

Enclosed within formidable stone walls, over two meters thick and seven meters high, the city ruins sprawl across 114,000 square meters. The layout of Anjar reflects a meticulous planning influenced by Roman city design and Byzantine architectural elements. The urban grid is delineated by two grand thoroughfares: the Cardo Maximus, stretching from north to south, and the Decumanus Maximus, traversing from east to west. These arteries divide the city into four quadrants, each marked by the intersection’s focal point, where four majestic tetrapylons stand sentinel at the corners.

Anjar’s architectural splendor and strategic layout bear witness to its significance as a thriving center of commerce and culture during the Umayyad era. Today, its well-preserved ruins offer visitors a glimpse into a bygone era of prosperity and innovation, enriching Lebanon’s cultural heritage and inviting exploration into its vibrant past.

Baalbeck

During the Phoenician era, Baalbek began as a modest village, with scant traces remaining of its ancient structures. However, under Hellenistic rule, the city was renamed Heliopolis and underwent extensive reconstruction by the Romans. Following the Roman conquest of Phoenicia in 64 B.C., Baalbek was transformed into a renowned sanctuary dedicated to deities such as Jupiter, Venus, and Mercury. Over the span of two centuries, a series of colossal temples were erected, symbolizing the city’s grandeur and significance.

Today, modern-day visitors to Baalbek are greeted by the imposing Roman propylaea, through which they enter the site. Walking through the expansive colonnaded courtyards, visitors are led to the awe-inspiring temples that form the heart of the complex:

• The Temple of Jupiter was the largest Roman temple ever constructed. Today, just six of the original 54 Corinthian columns remain standing. Each column is 22 meters (66 ft) high and 2 meters (7.5 ft) in diameter, hinting at the temple’s enormous size in the time of the Roman Empire.
• The Temple of Bacchus is the best-preserved Roman temple in the Middle East. Although smaller than the Temple of Jupiter, the Temple of Bacchus is still larger than the Parthenon in Athens. The dedication and purpose of this temple, and its relationship to the rest of the temple complex, remain a mystery.
• The Temple of Venus is a smaller, domed structure set apart to the southeast of the complex. During the Byzantine period, the temple was converted into a church honoring Saint Barbara.
• Only part of the staircase from the Temple of Mercury can still be seen on Sheikh Abdallah hill, a short distance away from the main temple site.

In recognition of its historical and architectural significance, Baalbek was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984, cementing its status as a treasure of global cultural heritage.

Byblos

Byblos, inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984, stands as a living testament to millennia of human history and cultural exchange. Inhabited since the Neolithic age, this ancient Mediterranean region has been a witness to the ebb and flow of countless civilizations, from the Phoenicians to the Crusaders and Ottoman Turks. Byblos holds a special place in history as a cradle of civilization, intimately linked with the dissemination of the Phoenician alphabet, a foundational milestone in human communication.

Among the key tourist attractions in Byblos are:

• Ancient Phoenician Temples: These include the renowned Temple of the Obelisks, also known as the Great Temple or L-Shaped temple, and the Temple of Baalat Gebal. These sacred structures offer glimpses into the religious practices and architectural prowess of ancient civilizations.
• Byblos Castle: A formidable 12th-century Crusader fortress, strategically located near the port, serves as a poignant reminder of Byblos’ medieval past and its significance as a strategic stronghold.
• Byblos Mosque: Believed to be the oldest mosque in the world, this venerable structure stands as a testament to the enduring legacy of Islamic heritage in the region.
• Medieval City Wall: Remnants of the medieval city wall encircle Byblos, offering insights into the city’s defensive strategies and architectural evolution over the centuries.
• Byblos Wax Museum: A unique attraction that brings to life the rich tapestry of Byblos’ history and culture through lifelike wax figures and immersive exhibits.
• St John the Baptist Church: A striking example of Crusader architecture, this church, dating back to 1150, stands as a symbol of religious devotion and cultural heritage.
• Byblos Fossil Museum: Showcasing the region’s geological heritage, this museum offers a fascinating journey through time, highlighting the diverse flora and fauna that once inhabited the area.
• Historic Quarter and Souks: Nestled near the entrance of the archaeological site, the historic quarter and bustling souks offer visitors a glimpse into daily life in Byblos, with quaint streets lined with shops, cafes, and artisans’ workshops.

Byblos’ wealth of historical and cultural treasures continues to captivate visitors from around the world, inviting them to explore its storied past and experience the enduring legacy of one of the world’s oldest continuously inhabited cities.

Qadisha Valley and Cedars Forest

Inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1998, the Qadisha Valley and Cedars Forest, known as the Forest of the Cedars of God, hold profound significance in Lebanon’s cultural and natural heritage. Nestled amidst the rugged terrain north of the Western Mountain Range, the Qadisha Valley served as a bastion of early Christian monasticism, attracting devout followers seeking spiritual solace in its serene surroundings. Adjacent to the valley lies the Cedars forest, a precious nature reserve dedicated to safeguarding the last remaining Cedars, revered since antiquity for their use in the construction of Phoenician ships and sacred edifices.

Here is a list of monasteries nestled within the Qadisha Valley:

• The Qannubin Monastery: Regarded as the oldest Maronite monastery in the valley, it stands as a testament to centuries of spiritual devotion and contemplation.
• The Monastery of St. Anthony of Qozhaya: Traditionally believed to have been founded in the 4th century by St. Hilarion, this monastery has served as a haven for monks seeking solitude and enlightenment.
• The Monastery of Our Lady of Hawqa: Established in the late 13th century by villagers from Hawqa, this monastery bears witness to the enduring faith and dedication of its founders.
• The Monastery of Mar Sarkis, Ehden: Rebuilt successively in the 8th century, 1198, and 1690, this monastery stands as a beacon of spiritual resilience and architectural beauty.
• The Monastery of Mar Lishaa: Home to both Maronite solitary and Barefoot Carmelite orders, this monastery embodies the diversity and unity of Lebanon’s religious traditions.

Additionally, other monastic sanctuaries include the Monastery of Mar Girgis, featuring the Chapel of Mar Challita, the Monastery of Mar Yuhanna, the Monastery of Mar Abun, with the Hermitage of Mar Sarkis, and the Monastery of Mart Moura, Ehden. These sacred sites serve as sanctuaries of peace and reflection, inviting pilgrims and visitors to connect with their spiritual heritage amidst the tranquil beauty of the Qadisha Valley.

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